Ethical, social, and structural factors all could shape the experiences and health outcomes of vulnerable population groups. This track will explore key ethical considerations in designing and delivering population health interventions, including fairness, autonomy, and responsible prioritisation. Sessions will shed light on gender related disparities and the distinct challenges faced by women—particularly family caregivers—whose caregiving roles often intersect with unmet health, social, and economic needs. The track will also consider how ethnicity and cultural context influence access, engagement, and outcomes within the healthcare system. Together, these discussions aim to deepen understanding of the diverse drivers of vulnerability and offer practical approaches to designing more inclusive, equitable, and culturally attuned population health strategies.